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<P><FONT color=#0000ff size=4><STRONG>Internet rights are human
rights</STRONG></FONT></P>
<P><SPAN class=caps>APC</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>welcomes the annual report of the
Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Opinion and its focus on
the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A>.
Access to the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>facilitates<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
freedom of association, enables knowledge sharing, learning and collaboration,
and is a driver for social and economic development. Yet, as the report details,
access to the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>is increasingly at risk. Recent<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>shutdowns have limited<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A>, freedom of association and political free
speech.</P>
<P>The report highlights human rights issues of grave concern including: a)
criminalisation of online expression, b) blocking, controlling and
manipulating<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>content, c) interference with<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/314"><ACRONYM
title='security and privacy: Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
Style information: N/a
Source: "African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online" (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), Take Back the Tech! and APC Internet Rights Charter'>privacy</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/2330"><ACRONYM
title="data protection: Data protection can have different meanings depending on context, but a general definition is the legal protection of personal or commercial data. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that public or private organisations requiring personal information from individuals must collect only the minimal data necessary and for the minimal period of time needed. Data should only be processed for the stated purposes and must be deleted when no longer needed. Finally, collection, use, disclosure and retention of data must comply with a transparent privacy policy which allows people to find out what is collected about them and to correct inaccurate information.
Style information: N/a
Source: Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon and APC Internet Rights Charter. See also the GenderIT.org glossary entry on data protection for a gender perspective. ">data
protection</ACRONYM></A>, d) unlawful surveillance, and restrictions and e)
limitations on<A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/149"><ACRONYM
title="internet access: The APC Internet Rights Charter states that all people have the right to access to the internet. This requires government leadership, market engagement, and most importantly, citizen and civil society participation. Affordable, fast and easy access to the internet can help create more egalitarian societies. It can strengthen educational and health services, local business, public participation, access to information, good governance and poverty eradication. But we should not assume that all technological innovation is automatically beneficial. Civil society organisations (CSOs), governments and regulatory agencies should be aware of the internet’s potential to reinforce existing inequality. The right to internet access encompasses the right to access to infrastructure irrespective of where one lives; the right to the skills to use and shape the internet to meet one's needs; the right to interfaces, content and applications accessible to all; the right to equal access for men and women; the right to affordable access; the right to access in the workplace; the right to public access; and the right to access and create content that is culturally and linguistically diverse.
Style information: N/a
Source: APC Internet Rights Charter">internet
access</ACRONYM></A>. Such actions are a violation of human rights and
fundamental freedoms set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and
the right to<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>affirmed in Article 19 of the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>ICCPR</SPAN>.</P>
<P>Restricting free expression and the free flow of information on the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>is a global trend. People who speak out
against repression risk their own freedom and safety and contrary to human
rights standards their online denouncements are often censored or banned. The
impact of these violations is greatest in States which lack strong human rights
protections, nevertheless, all States must uphold universal and agreed upon
international human rights standards. We commend the Special Rapporteur for
bringing attention to these issues.</P>
<P><STRONG>Why are these rights important?</STRONG></P>
<P>Human rights are the birth right of all people and are recognised in the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>UDHR</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>as universal, inalienable and
indivisible. It is vital that existing agreed international human rights
standards are the foundation for all States to respect, protect and promote
human rights offline and online with new technology such as the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>which is used by billions of people
around the globe and operates through a decentralised infrastructure with no
single regulatory oversight.</P>
<P>Freedom of expression is closely related to freedom of association and both
play a crucial role in supporting democracy and guaranteeing human rights.
The<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN
class=caps>APC</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>therefore
expresses grave concern at the serious and significant human rights violations
by State and non-State actors against those using the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and related technologies for advancing
democratic participation and political free speech. We call for an end to these
violations and seek measures to protect and enhance democracy and movements for
social justice.</P>
<P><STRONG>What are<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>intermediaries?</STRONG></P>
<P>Internet intermediaries include<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>service providers,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>cafes,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/339"><ACRONYM
title='blog: A blog is a website where entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries, often updated daily and reflecting the personality of the author. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketchblog, videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog), audio (podcasting) or content published from a mobile phone (moblog). Micro-blogging is another type of blogging which consists of blogs with very short posts.
Style information: This term should not be capitalised.
Source: Wikipedia and GenderIT.org'>blog</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>hosts, mobile operators,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/1685"><ACRONYM
title="social networking: Social networking has created new ways to communicate and share information. Social networking websites are being used regularly by millions of people, and it now seems that social networking will be an enduring part of everyday life. The main types of social networking services are those which contain directories of some categories (such as former classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and recommender systems linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of these, such as MySpace, Facebook and YouTube (Source: adapted from Wikipedia)">social
networking</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>platform
providers, and search engines. These play critical roles in supporting online
communication and upholding<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
freedom of association by providing access to networks, and enabling online
participation. State activities which interfere with fluid online activity are
growing, such as increasing licensing conditions requiring collection of user
data, provision of user account information, requiring control of online content
and behaviour, and the erosion of protection from liability for third party
content.</P>
<P>The Special Rapporteur was unable to consult fully in all regions during the
past year.<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN
class=caps>APC</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>has more
than 40 members and a global network. We work with multiple and diverse<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/361"><ACRONYM
title="civil society organisations: Civil society commonly embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms, varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and power. Civil societies are often populated by organisations such as registered charities, development non-governmental organisations, community groups, women's organisations, faith-based organisations, professional associations, trades unions, self-help groups, social movements, business associations, coalitions and advocacy groups.
Style information: N/a
Source: "What is civil society?", initial working definition adopted by the Centre for Civil Society at the London School of Economics">civil
society organisations</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>which also have global, regional and
national networks. The global issues raised by the Special Rapporteur require a
global response.</P>
<P><STRONG>What are the findings?</STRONG></P>
<P>The Special Rapporteur highlights new and emerging human rights issues. For
example, access is a critical building block of exercising the rights to<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
freedom of association. We reiterate that access is a multi-faceted concept,
including not only physical access to the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>but also access in local
languages,<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/350"><ACRONYM
title="accessibility: Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a system is usable by as many people as possible. In the context of the internet, accessibility refers to the design of web interfaces, content and applications which are accessible to all, including people with physical, sensory or cognitive disabilities, people with changing abilities due to aging, people who are not literate, people who speak minority languages and people with slow internet connections. APC believes that the principle of inclusive design and the use of assistive technologies must be promoted and supported to allow persons with disabilities to benefit fully and on equal terms with non-disabled people.
Style information: n/a
Source: Wikipedia, ">accessibility</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>for disabled persons and access to
locally produced content.</P>
<P>We congratulate the Special Rapporteur for highlighting women’s human rights.
We recall State commitments to women’s human rights and the recent focus of the
Commission on the Status of Women on women, science and technology. Women’s
rights to<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
freedom of association must be respected and protected. All forms of gender
based violence (including domestic violence, sexual violence and harassment) in
both public and in private spheres are forms of discrimination and a violation
of women’s human rights (General Comment 19, Committee for the Elimination of
All forms of Discrimination against Women -11th session, 1992). States must take
all steps to prevent and eliminate such violence. In relation to the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>this meansensuring that laws, policies
and practices do not permit or create new forms of<A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/2309"><ACRONYM
title="violence against women: VAW, or violence against women, means any act that results in harm and disproportionately affects women – its root cause lies in unequal power relations between men and women in almost all facets of life. Examples include domestic violence, rape and sexual harassment. VAW was officially recognised as a violation of human rights in 1993, through the United Nations General Assembly’s Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women. The growing use of information and communications technologies has brought to light new dimensions of VAW. However, these technologies can also be used to prevent VAW and provide assistance to VAW survivors.
Style information: The phrase “violence against women” should only be
capitalised in a title, but the acronym VAW always takes capital letters.
Source: Take Back the Tech!
">violence
against women</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>such
as cyberstalking, digital surveillance, data monitoring and other interferences
with women’s rights. Women’s human rights must be respected and protected and
not restricted, directly or indirectly, in the name of ‘security’ or other law
enforcement measures except as determined in accordance with agreed human rights
standards, including women’s human rights standards.</P>
<P>We emphasise that consideration of human rights and the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>requires an intersectional approach
that can make the links between, for example, universal access to
infrastructure,<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/350"><ACRONYM
title="accessibility: Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a system is usable by as many people as possible. In the context of the internet, accessibility refers to the design of web interfaces, content and applications which are accessible to all, including people with physical, sensory or cognitive disabilities, people with changing abilities due to aging, people who are not literate, people who speak minority languages and people with slow internet connections. APC believes that the principle of inclusive design and the use of assistive technologies must be promoted and supported to allow persons with disabilities to benefit fully and on equal terms with non-disabled people.
Style information: n/a
Source: Wikipedia, ">accessibility</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/986"><ACRONYM
title="usability: Usability is a term used to denote the ease with which people can employ a particular tool or other human-made object in order to achieve a particular goal. Usability can also refer to the methods of measuring usability and the study of the principles behind an object's perceived efficiency or elegance. In human-computer interaction and computer science, usability usually refers to the elegance and clarity with which the interaction with a computer programme or a website is designed.
Style information: N/a
Source: Wikipedia">usability</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>for marginalised groups and the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/373"><ACRONYM
title="plaidoyer: Défense d'une cause, d'une opinion, d'un intérêt ou d'une politique; soutien actif.
Information stylistique: n/a
Source: Grand dictionnaire de l'Office québécois.
">promotion</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>of linguistic diversity. For the<A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>to fulfil its potential as a platform
for shared learning, innovation, solidarity and collaborative action for
justice, multiple factors must be considered. This includes the current worrying
trends in limitations on<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/2331"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of information: The right to freedom of information refers primarily to information held by the state. Freedom of information legislation establishes a legal process by which requests may be made for government-held information, with a few narrowly defined exceptions (e.g. health or public safety). In many countries there are constitutional guarantees for the right of access to information, but these are ineffective without specific support legislation. APC believes that national and local governments, and publicly funded international organisations, must ensure transparency and accountability by placing publicly relevant information that they produce and manage in the public domain, in compatible, affordable, open and accessible formats.
Style information: N/a
Source: Wikipedia, APC Internet Rights Charter, and GenderIT.org glossary. See also access to information in this glossary.">freedom
of information</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>by
means of<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/974"><ACRONYM
title="intellectual property: The term "intellectual property" carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights for physical objects. There is no such unified thing as "intellectual property" – it is a mirage. The term is at best a catch-all to lump together disparate laws. Non-lawyers who hear one term applied to these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle, and function similarly. Nothing could be further from the case. These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the term "intellectual property" suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of considering them well.
Style information: N/a
Source: "Did You Say "Intellectual Property"? It's a Seductive Mirage" by Richard Stallman
">intellectual
property</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>rights
enforcement, blatant disregard of personal<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/314"><ACRONYM
title='security and privacy: Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
Style information: N/a
Source: "African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online" (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), Take Back the Tech! and APC Internet Rights Charter'>privacy</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>by<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/1685"><ACRONYM
title="social networking: Social networking has created new ways to communicate and share information. Social networking websites are being used regularly by millions of people, and it now seems that social networking will be an enduring part of everyday life. The main types of social networking services are those which contain directories of some categories (such as former classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and recommender systems linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of these, such as MySpace, Facebook and YouTube (Source: adapted from Wikipedia)">social
networking</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>platforms, and the building in of
surveillance tools in network infrastructure.</P>
<P><STRONG>Where do we go from here?</STRONG></P>
<P>The clear application of existing international human rights standards to
the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>by the Special Rapporteur highlights
the fundamental nature of those standards and provides a clear way forward.
These standards have been reiterated by civil society groups over the last
twenty years, including in the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style="COLOR: rgb(31,134,159); TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/node/5677/"><SPAN class=caps>APC</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>Internet Rights Charter</A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>which demonstrates the application of
the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN
class=caps>UDHR</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>in relation
to the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A>.
Building on this work, a set of<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style="COLOR: rgb(31,134,159); TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.internetrightsandprinciples.org/">10 internet rights and
principles</A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>was recently
developed as a guide to upholding human rights in the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>environment.</P>
<P>We acknowledge that human rights and the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>is a new issue for the Human Rights
Council. However the Council has invaluable expertise which can be used to
enrich the discussions of human rights in more technical or sector specific
spaces related to the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>including: the Internet Governance
Forum, the World Summit on the Information Society, and the International
Telecommunications Union. The Human Rights Council must continue to play its
part in accordance with its mandate to “promote universal respect for the
protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without
discrimination of any kind, and in a fair and equal manner” (GA 60/251, OP
2).</P>
<P>We urge the Council to adopt a participatory approach in developing responses
to the issues raised by the Special Rapporteur. Such responses must be generated
through open processes, which ensure the engagement of all, particularly
vulnerable and marginalised groups, in accordance with the rights based approach
and principles of information sharing, participation and transparency.</P>
<P><STRONG>RECOMMENDATIONS</STRONG></P>
<P>In light of the issues raised in the report of the Special Rapporteur we make
the following recommendations:</P>
<P><STRONG>We call on States to:</STRONG></P>
<P>*take immediate steps to end acts of violence, harassment and other human
rights violations committed against individuals because of the exercise of their
human rights and fundamental freedoms on the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A></P>
<UL>
<LI>take immediate measures to stop unlawful interference with<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>including in relation to<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A></LI>
<LI>repeal laws which criminalise online<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
release persons detained under such laws</LI>
<LI>cease interference with<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>by
means of content control, filtering, surveillance or other interference
with<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/314"><ACRONYM
title='security and privacy: Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
Style information: N/a
Source: "African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online" (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), Take Back the Tech! and APC Internet Rights Charter'>privacy</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>by means which violate international
human rights standards</LI>
<LI>limit the limitations on<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
place limitations on<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>only
in accordance with international human rights standards</LI>
<LI>conduct independent investigations where appropriate into allegations of
unlawful interference with<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A></LI>
<LI>reaffirm that human rights are universal, indivisible and
interconnected</LI>
<LI>reaffirm the right to<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>including the right to seek, receive,
and impart information of any kind in any form and regardless of frontiers as
set out in article 19 of the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>UDHR</SPAN><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>ICCPR</SPAN></LI>
<LI>uphold the rule of law and place limitations on<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>only
in accordance with the express requirements of agreed human rights
standards</LI>
<LI>uphold their responsibilities to respect, protect and promote human rights
including<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
freedom of association</LI>
<LI>ensure national laws, including constitutions, enshrine<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A>, including in relation to the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A>,
as a fundamental human right</LI>
<LI>respect, protect, and promote the role of human rights defenders,
including their freedom of association</LI>
<LI>ensure that<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/314"><ACRONYM
title='security and privacy: Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
Style information: N/a
Source: "African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online" (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), Take Back the Tech! and APC Internet Rights Charter'>privacy</ACRONYM></A>,
data collection and surveillance laws meet international human rights
standards and do not target, directly or indirectly, marginalised or
vulnerable groups, including on the grounds of sexual orientation or gender
identity</LI>
<LI>consider the issues raised in the report and refer these to national
authorities and institutions for consideration in their specific contexts</LI>
<LI>highlight human rights and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>issues in their periodic reports to
treaty bodies</LI>
<LI>communicate with the Special Rapporteur on measures to uphold<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
the rule of law in relation to the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A></LI></UL>
<UL>
<LI>include issues relating to human rights and the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>in reports to special mechanisms and
in Universal Periodic Review reports and procedures</LI></UL>
<P></P>
<P><STRONG>We encourage all United Nations bodies to take the following
steps:</STRONG></P>
<UL>
<LI>ensure that the human rights framework is a unifying theme when
considering<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>issues within their mandates</LI>
<LI>(particularly the Human Rights Council) to address these human rights
issues, particularly in Universal Periodic Review processes</LI>
<LI>(particularly special procedures and other stakeholders) to refer to,
monitor, and report on<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>related human rights violations
within their relevant mandates and, where appropriate, to write urgent appeals
or letters to governments where<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>related human rights violations are
occurring</LI>
<LI>(particularly treaty bodies) to clarify, by way of interpretative
statements where necessary, that<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>related human rights violations fall
within their relevant mandates</LI></UL>
<UL>
<LI>further efforts to consider the full range of human rights and<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>issues, particularly in relation to
women’s human rights</LI></UL>
<P><STRONG>In relation to human rights<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/373"><ACRONYM
title="plaidoyer: Défense d'une cause, d'une opinion, d'un intérêt ou d'une politique; soutien actif.
Information stylistique: n/a
Source: Grand dictionnaire de l'Office québécois.
">promotion</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and protection we urge:</STRONG></P>
<UL>
<LI>further dialogue on the application of existing human rights standards to
the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A>,
in particular<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/glossary/term/318"><ACRONYM
title="freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is a principle contained in various human rights documents. Its objective is to ensure that people are able to communicate and express opinions, in public, private, either written or spoken, without the interference of the state or others. It is not an absolute right; therefore it generally only has applicability where the purpose of expression is lawful, and where the act of expression does not infringe the human rights of others (for example, a racist hate speech may not use the right of freedom of expression to permit its communication). Freedom of expression is one of the main themes within the emerging field of internet rights. According to the APC Internet Rights Charter, freedom of expression should be protected from infringement by government and non-state actors. The internet is a medium for both public and private exchange of views and information across a variety of frontiers. Individuals must be able to express opinions and ideas, and share information freely when using the internet.
Style information: N/a
Source: GenderIT.org and APC Internet Rights Charter">freedom
of expression</ACRONYM></A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and
freedom of association</LI></UL>
<UL>
<LI>recognition by diverse groups that<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>rights are human rights</LI>more
research into the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and related communication
technologies on women’s human rights, including their sexual and reproductive
health and rights, and the impact of laws, policies and practices on their
enjoyment of these rights
<LI>human rights education for members of the judiciary, law enforcement,
military and public officials on<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>related aspects of human rights</LI>
<LI>regional human rights mechanisms to monitor the situation of human rights
and the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A></LI></UL>
<UL>
<LI>national human rights institutions, including data,<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/314"><ACRONYM
title='security and privacy: Online security and privacy includes issues such as protecting data, protecting identity (the right to communicate free of the threat of surveillance and interception) and protecting against computer viruses. As media workers and human rights organisations around the world make increasing use of online technologies, there is a corresponding increase in the need for skills, knowledge, and tools to ensure that the use of technology is both effective and secure. This need is especially acute in the case of groups operating under repressive political conditions or in situations of conflict, where the challenge is to gather, protect and disseminate information effectively in a way which minimises risk to activists. The APC Internet Rights Charter states that people communicating on the internet must have the right to use tools which encode messages to ensure secure, private and anonymous communication.
Style information: N/a
Source: "African journalists trained in how to communicate securely online" (APCNews and Toni Eliasz, 30 September 2004), Take Back the Tech! and APC Internet Rights Charter'>privacy</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and other ombudsmen, to monitor and
report on human rights and the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A>within
their mandates</LI></UL>
<P><STRONG>We call on<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>intermediaries and relevant non-State
actors to:</STRONG></P>
<UL>
<LI>resist and refuse attempts by States to interfere with the human rights
of<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>users that comply with due process of
law, recognised human rights standards, and agreed international norms</LI>
<LI>ensure that any self-regulation of content does not infringe on the rights
of users to free expression</LI>
<LI>take practical action to uphold human rights standards including to
implement the Special Representative on Business and Human Rights’ framework
on business and human rights and related guidelines</LI>
<LI>advocate for legal and policy frameworks that uphold human rights
standards in relation to the<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A></LI></UL>
<UL>
<LI>encourage States to develop policies in relation to the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=glossary-term
style="CURSOR: help; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(153,204,51) 1px dotted; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www.apc.org/en/taxonomy/term/258"><ACRONYM
title='internet: A set of interconnected networks operated by government, industry, academia, and private parties which allow computers and other electronic devices in different locations to exchange information. The internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
Style information: APC uses "internet" with a small "i" in all languages.
Source: TechSoup Glossary and GenderIT.org'>internet</ACRONYM></A><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>that emphasise human rights,
transparency, due process and
accountability</LI></UL></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>
<P>This statement was submitted to the<SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
style="COLOR: rgb(31,134,159); TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/">Human Rights
Council</A><SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>in preparation for
its<A title="(30 May - 17 June 2011"
style="COLOR: rgb(31,134,159); TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/17session/">seventeenth
regular session</A>. <FONT size=1> </FONT>Sign on to APCs statement
<A
href="">http://www.apc.org/en/pubs/briefs/internet-rights-are-human-rights-claims-apc-human-</A><o:p></o:p></P>
<P>------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</P></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2>Bazlu<BR>_________________________<BR>AHM. Bazlur
Rahman-S21BR<BR>Chief Executive Officer<BR>Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and
Communication (BNNRC)<BR>[NGO in Special Consultative Status with the UN
Economic and Social Council]<BR>& <BR>Head, Community Radio Academy
<BR> <BR>House: 13/1, Road: 2, Shaymoli, Dhaka-1207 <BR>Post Box: 5095,
Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh<BR> <BR>Phone: 88-02-9130750, 88-02-9138501<BR>Cell:
01711881647 Fax: 88-02-9138501-105<BR>E-mail: <A
href="mailto:ceo@bnnrc.net">ceo@bnnrc.net</A> <A
href="http://www.bnnrc.net">www.bnnrc.net</A></FONT></DIV>
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